CALL: Present Continuous Tense

 

Present Continuous Tense

 

A.  Pengertian Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense adalah bentuk tense yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi sedang berlangsung selama waktu tertentu pada waktu sekarang (present). Bentuk ini menunjukkan bahwa aksi tersebut terjadi sebelum (begins before), selama (is in progress at the present), dan berlanjut setelah (continues after)  waktu atau aksi lainnya.

 

Apabila kita sudah memahami simpleresent tense, selanjutnya tidaklah sulit untuk mengerti aspek lain dari bingkai waktu present ini.

Contoh kalimat:

It is 13.00. They are discussing something right now.

Penjelasan:

Mereka mulai berdiskusi sejam yang lalu. Sekarang jam menunjukkan pukul 13.00 dan mereka masih berdiskusi. Ini menunjukkan bahwa diskusi mereka dimulai pada masa lampau (begins before), masih berlangsung pada saat sekarang (is in progress at the present), dan mungkin akan berlanjut sampai nanti (continues after).

 

B.  Rumus Present Continuous Tense

Untuk membentuk kalimat present continuous tense, kita harus menerapkan rumus be + present participle (-ing) pada kata kerja utama.

Bentuk	Rumus Present Continuous Tense	Contoh Kalimat
(+)	Subjek + be (am/is/are) + verb (-ing) + …	·  He is sleeping right now. ·  They are studying today.
(-)	Subjek +be (am/is/are) + not + verb (-ing) + …	·  He is not sleeping right now. ·  They are not studying today.
(?)	Be (am/is/are) + subjek + verb (-ing) + …?	·  Is he sleeping right now? ·  Are they studying today?

 

 

C.  Penggunaan Present Continuous Tense

No	Penggunaan	Contoh Kalimat Present Continuous Tense
1	Untuk menunjukkan suatu aksi yang sedang berlangsung dan terjadi sekarang	It is raining and I am waiting for my mother to pick me up.   Penjelasan: Sekarang sedang hujan dan saya sedang menunggu ibu saya untuk menjemput saya. Berarti, hujan dan aksi menunggu yang dilakukan subjek sudah terjadi sebelum subjek berbicara, berlangsung selama subjek berbicara, dan mungkin masih akan terjadi setelah subjek selesai berbicara. Oleh karena itu, digunakan present continuous tense (be + present participle).
2	Untuk membicarakan aksi yang terjadi sekitar waktu pembicaraan	This semester Siti is taking five classes.   Penjelasan: Siti mengambil lima kelas pada semester ini. Kejadian ini terjadi sekitar waktu pembicaraan.
3	Untuk membicarakan rencana yang sudah pasti akan terjadi dalam waktu dekat	She is spending her holiday in Bangkok next week.   Penjelasan: Dia akan menghabiskan liburannya di Bangkok minggu depan. Ini berarti rencana liburannya di Bangkok pada minggu depan kemungkinan besar akan terjadi.

 

Mengingat present continuous tense tidak hanya digunakan untuk menunjukkan kejadian yang berlangsung sekarang tetapi juga masa depan yang dekat, maka penggunaan keterangan waktu sangatlah penting untuk diperhatikan. Umumnya, keterangan waktu berikut digunakan pada kalimat present continuous tense:

Pada saat terjadi pembicaraan (at the time of speaking)	Pada waktu sekitar waktu pembicaraan (around the time of speaking)
Right now At the moment Today At present Etc.	This month This year This week This semester Etc.

 

 

Kata Kerja yang Tidak Digunakan pada Present Continuous Tense

Beberapa kata kerja tidak biasanya digunakan pada kalimat present continuous tense. Ini dikarenakan kata kerja tersebut menunjukkan keadaan atau situasi yang kita tidak harapkan untuk berubah dan tidak menggambarkan aksi atau tindakan. Kata kerja ini lebih dikenal dengan nama kata kerja statis (stative verbs). 

Berikut contoh kata kerja statis:

 

No	Keterangan Kata Kerja	Contoh Kalimat
1.	Kata kerja yang menunjukkan perasaan dan emosi, seperti: Love, prefer, hate, like, appreciate, want, dislike	I prefer tea than coffee Tidak mungkin berbentuk: I am prefering tea than coffee
2.	Kata kerja yang menunjukkan penggunaan indra, seperti: Hear, taste, smell, see,	The cake tastes delicious Tidak mungkin berbentuk: The cake is tasting delicious
3.	Kata kerja yang mengekspresikan pengetahuan, pendapat, dan kepercayaan, seperti: Think, believe, understand, know, recognize	I believe in his opinion Tidak mungkin berbentuk: I am believing in his opinion
4.	Kata kerja yang menunjukkan kepemilikan Own, have, possess, belong	The car belongs to that bulky guy Tidak mungkin berbentuk: The car is belonging to that bulky guy
5.	Kata kerja statis lainnya Seem, be, exist, need, cost	Plant needs the sun to survive Tidak mungkin berbentuk: Plant is needing the sun to survive

 

Contoh Penggunaan dalam Percakapan

Conversation I

Jodi: Hey, Tari. Where are you going?

Tari: I am going to the office.

Jodi: What? You work on weekends?

Tari: No, I don’t work on weekends.

Jodi: So, why are you going to the office on Sunday?

Tari: What? Sunday?

Jodi: Yeah.

Tari: What day is it today? Sunday?

Jodi: Yes, today is Sunday.

Tari: Oh, no. I woke up very late this morning. I think I’ve lost my mind.

Jodi: It’s okay. Most people have ever experienced it.

Conversation II

Anggita: Hello. Anggita is speaking. Who is it?

Harmoni: Hello Anggita. I’m Harmoni.

Anggita: Oh, Harmoni. Are you using somebody’s phone? This isn’t your phone numbers, right?

Harmoni: No, it isn’t. I am using my mother’s phone. My battery is running out. By the way, what are you doing?

Anggita: Oh, I’m studying right now. We are having Science examination tomorrow morning. Do you forget it?

Harmoni: Of course not. That’s why I am calling you now.

Anggita: Oh, what’s up? Is there anything I can help?

Harmoni: Owh, I do not know where to start learning. These are difficult materials. I am trying to remember all things. I have been reading the Science books five times. But I cannot remember almost all of them. I am afraid that I will fail the exam.

Anggita: Keep calm, Harmoni. You cannot concentrate at the same time you’re worrying about the failure. Start from the easiest material. One more, you should not memorize all things. Try to understand them.

Harmoni: Yeah, I think so. I will try to understand those materials.

Anggita: O yeah, I am just remembering something. I have some Science videos. I have watched all of them. Those videos give me clear explanation about Science. I think you should watch them too.

Harmoni: Oh, that sounds great.

Anggita: I am in front of my computer now. I am sending the links of the videos to your email. Check them out.

Harmoni: Wow, thanks, Anggita. You’re saving my life!

Anggita: Oh, don’t mention it. Good luck on the exam tomorrow. Bye.

Harmoni: U too. Bye.

Conversation III

Dessy: Are you cooking spaghetti?

Hanan: No, I am not cooking spaghetti. I am making fried rice, your favorite food.

Dessy: Oh, thanks.

Hanan: You’re welcome. Hm, do you want to eat spaghetti?

Dessy: Fried rice and spaghetti together? Are you joking? Both of them contain carbohydrates. You know, I am trying to lose weight.

Hanan: That’s not what I mean. I am asking about tomorrow. You probably want to eat spaghetti tomorrow. I can make it if you want to.

Dessy: Oh, sorry Hanan. I thought you want me to be fat. Ha ha!

Hanan: No problem. By the way, you’re beautiful, just the way you are.

Dessy: Oh, thanks, Hanan.

Hanan: You’re welcome, Dessy. I am saying the truth.

CALL: Simple Past Tense

 

Simple Past Tense

 

A.  Pengertian Simple Past Tense

Simple Past tense adalah suatu bentuk tense yang menggambarkan suatu kejadian yang terjadi pada satu spesifik waktu di masa lampau. Kata kerja yang digunakan pada tense ini harus berupa kata kerja kedua (verb 2).

 

B.  Rumus Simple Past Tense

Tense ini terdiri dari gabungan aspek simple (pada satu spesifik waktu) dan bingkai waktu past (masa lampau).

Bentuk	Rumus Simple Past Tense	Contoh Kalimat
(+)	·  Subject + verb 2 + object   ·  Subject + to be (was/were) + adjective/adverb	·  We attended the festival last week. ·  He was absent yesterday.
(-)	·  Subject + did not + infinitive verb + object   ·  Subject + was/were + not + adjective/adverb	·  We did not attend the festival last week. ·  He was not absent yesterday.
(?)	· Did + subject + infinitive verb + object?   · Was/were + subject + adjective/adverb?	·  Did they attend the festival last week? ·  Was he absent yesterday?

 

Pada dasarnya, simple past tense memiliki struktur yang sama dengan simple present tense. Hal yang membedakan keduanya adalah waktu dan kata kerja yang digunakan. Bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan pada simple past tense harus berupa bentuk kata kerja kedua atau kata kerja masa lampau, yang terdiri dari dua jenis sebagai berikut:

Regular verbs Ditambahkan imbuhan d/ed pada akhir kata kerja dasar	Contoh: ·      Ask menjadi asked                          ·      Look menjadi looked ·      Decide menjadi decided                ·      Love menjadi loved ·      Destroy menjadi destroyed          ·      Select menjadi selected ·      Endure menjadi endured               ·      Study menjadi studied ·      Happen menjadi happened         ·      Surrender menjadi surrendered
Irregular verbs Arti irregular di sini adalah kata kerja tidak mengikuti formula baku d/ed dan mempunyai bentuk kedua sendiri.	Contoh: ·      Be menjadi was/were                     ·      Build menjadi built ·      Begin menjadi began                     ·      Choose menjadi chose ·      Break menjadi broke                       ·      Do menjadi did ·      Bring menjadi brought                   ·      Make menjadi made ·      Buy menjadi bought                        ·      Teach menjadi taught

 

Keterangan Waktu

Pada kalimat simple past tense, biasanya disebutkan juga keterangan waktu kapan suatu kejadian terjadi, sebagai berikut

 

No	Keterangan Waktu	Contoh Kalimat
1.	Suatu tahun atau bulan yang sudah berlalu	·  In 1945, Indonesia successfully got its independence from Japan. ·  On February 2015, my parents moved to the Singapore.
2.	Frasa waktu yang didahului last, seperti: last week, last month, last year, last holiday	·  I graduated last week. ·  Last night, I had a date with my girlfriend. ·  Last holiday, I went to Bangkok.
3.	Frasa waktu yang diikuti oleh ago, seperti: three months ago, a few days ago, one year ago	·  My passport expired one year ago. ·  The legendary singer Prince died a few days ago.
4.	Keterangan waktu lainnya yang menyatakan waktu lampau, seperti: yesterday, the day before yesterday, this morning	·  He did not come to the office yesterday. ·  I had my breakfast this morning. ·  I broke up with my girlfriend the day before yesterday.

 

 

C.  Penggunaan Simple Past Tense

No	Penggunaan	Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense
1	Untuk menjelaskan suatu kejadian yang terjadi pada suatu waktu pasti di masa lampau	·   I met my husband in 2014. ·   We visited Sydney for our honeymoon. ·   The plane did not take off that day.   Semua perisitiwa tersebut terjadi pada suatu waktu pasti di masa lampau.
2	Untuk menjelaskan kejadian yang berlangsung dalam suatu periode di masa lampau	·  Rosa attended Oxford University for four years as an undergraduate. ·   Roy lived abroad for five years. ·   He played a lot of piano when he was younger.   Semua kejadian tersebut berlangsung dalam suatu periode tertentu di masa lampau. Berarti hal-hal tersebut sudah tidak terjadi lagi saat ini.
3	Untuk menunjukkan suatu kebiasaan atau aksi yang dilakukan berulang kali pada masa lampau	·   Ali swam a lot while he was on holiday. ·   When I lived in Seoul, I always walked a mile to my school every day. ·  Her boyfriend went to visit her every summer break until they broke up.   Semua kejadian tersebut merupakan kebiasaan yang sering dilakukan pada masa lampau. Ini berarti kebiasaan tersebut sudah tidak dilakukan lagi saat ini. Jadi, menggunakan simple past tense.
4	Untuk mengungkapkan persepsi diri dan emosi  yang dirasakan pada masa lampau	·   Ria always knew that she wanted to be a lawyer. ·   I was so happy during my study in New York. ·  My father was so proud of me when I won the spelling bee competition.   Persepsi diri dan emosi yang dirasakan oleh subjek terjadi pada masa lampau. Ini berarti perasaan atau persepsi tersebut sudah tidak ada lagi saat ini.
5	Untuk menjelaskan kepunyaan atau kepemilikan pada masa lampau	·   He did not have a car when he was in college. ·   My family did not own a house. ·   The books belonged to my brother. Kalimat-kalimat simple past tense tersebut menyatakan bahwa kepemilikan atau ketidakpunyaan terkait terjadi di masa lampau.

 

Contoh penggunaan dalam menceritakan kejadian masa lampau

 "Roro Jonggrang"

Long time ago, there was a kingdom named Prambanan. All the people of Prambanan lived peacefully. But then, Prambanan kingdom was attacked and occupied by the Pengging kingdom. Prambanan was ruled by Bandung Bondowoso of Pengging kingdom. He was a mean king. He also had great supernatural power. His soldiers were not only humans, but also genies.

The king of Prambanan had a beautiful daughter named Roro Jonggrang. Bandung Bondowoso fell in love with her and wanted to marry her. “You’re very beautiful. Would you be my queen?” asked Bandung Bondowoso. Roro Jonggrang was shocked. She didn’t like Bandung Bondowoso because he was a mean person. She wanted to refuse, but she was afraid that Bandung Bondowoso would be angry and endangered the people of Prambanan. Then, she came up with a plan. “If you want to marry me, you have to build a thousand temples for me in just one night,” said Roro Jonggrang. “What? That’s impossible!” said Bandung Bondowoso. But he did not give up. He consulted with his advisor. “Your Majesty can asked the genies to help in building the temples,” said the advisor.

So, Bandung Bondowoso summoned his entire genies soldier and commanded them to help him in building a thousand temples. The genies worked in unbelievable speed. Meanwhile, Roro Jonggrang heard from her servant that the building of a thousand temples was almost finished. She was so worried. But again, she came up with a great idea. She asked all of her servants to help her. “Please prepare a lot of straw and mortar. Please hurry up!” said Roro Jonggrang. “Burn the straw and make some noise pounding the mortar, quickly.” All those servants did what Roro Jonggrang ordered them; burning straw and pounding the mortar, making the genies think that the sun is going to rise.

“It’s already dawn. We have to go,” said the leader of the genies to Bandung Bondowoso. All the genies immediately stopped their work and ran for cover from the sun, which they afraid of. They didn’t know that the light was from the fire that burning the straw, not from the sun.

Bandung Bondowoso can’t stop the genies from leaving. He was angry. He knew Roro Jonggrang had just tricked him. “You cannot fool me, Roro Jonggrang. I already have 999 temples. I just need one more temple. Now, I will make you the one-thousandth temple.” He pointed his finger to Roro Jonggrang and said some mantras. Magically, Roro Jonggrang’s body turned into stone. Until now, the temple is still standing in Prambanan area, Central Java. And the temple is called Roro Jonggrang temple.